Skids are assembled as modular units, so skid mounted process equipment can be more easily disassembled and reassembled when required.
Protection
The frames of skid-mounted systems provide an added level of security, support, and protection for industrial equipment which often includes complex piping, delicate valves, and other valuable components.
Modularity
Modern production facilities must have the flexibility to change in response to evolving business requirements. This means that modularity, or the ability for process components to be separated, moved about and recombined, is vital as processes are reconfigured.
As all positive displacement pumps, PC pumps are flow-creating devices. They move fluid at a consistent speed regardless of the pressure on the inlet end. PC pumps draw fluid which are aim to through a suction, and which feeds into an casing. Within the casing there are a helical rotor and stator assembly. The fluid “progresses” through these cavities until it is expelled through a discharge outlet.
The tungsten carbide as the preferred mining tool material, includes carbide inserts, tungsten carbide buttons, cemented carbide tips, etc, widely used in the high-pressure DTH hammer drilling industry, suitable for petroleum drilling, quarrying, mining of various rocks and tunnels.
Tungsten carbide mining tools have their own unique working performance, with high hardness, good wear resistance, high impact toughness. The tungsten carbide inserts have high drilling speed, long service life, doing a favor to saving unproductive time, reducing labor and speeding up engineering speed, suitable for the mining of granite, the most robust sandstone and limestone, lean iron ore, which is a special component of the mining bits, also is used as a drilling bit accessory, applied in a heavy-duty rock drilling or deep hole drilling tool accessories.
Carbide buttons and tips are often used in mining drilling tools, mine machinery tools, oil drilling tools, road repairing tools to remove snow and road cleaning. With the high hardness of cemented carbide, They are widely used in the mining and quarrying, cutting process and can also be placed in heavy excavator drills.
The Grades And Applications Of Tungsten Carbide Mining Tool
YG4C
Mainly used as impact drill bits for cutting soft materials
YG6
Used as electric coal drill bits, coal mining bits, petroleum roller bits and scraper ball bits.
YG8
Suitable for core drill, coal mining & petroleum roller bits.
YG8C
Applied as the impact button bits of small and medium sizes, bearing bush of rotary exploration drill.
YG11C
Most of them are used for impact drills and inserts for cutting high-hardness materials in the rotary drilling bits.
YG13C
Applied as the inserts for the rotary percussive drilling bits to cut medium, high hardness materials.
YG15C
Suitable for cutting tools used in oil cone drills and the mining of soft, medium-hardness rocks.
HSS, which is the abbreviation of high-speed steel, is a standard material for metal cutting tools in the past time. When the tungsten carbide had been created, it was considered to be a direct replacement for HSS with good toughness, excellent wear resistance and extremely high hardness. Cemented carbide is usually compared to HSS, with similar applications and high hardness.
Performance
Tungsten carbide
The cemented carbide is a powder of a micron-magnitude metal carbide, which is hard to melt and has high hardness. The binder is made with cobalt, molybdenum, nickel, etc. It is sintered under high temperature and high pressure. Tungsten carbide has a higher high-temperature carbide content than high-speed steel. It has an HRC of 75-80 and excellent wear resistance.
Advantages
1. The red hardness of Tungsten carbide can reach 800-1000°C.
2.The cutting speed of cemented carbide is 4-7 times higher than the high-speed steel. Cutting efficiency is high.
3.The mold, measure tools and cutting tools made by tungsten carbide will have 20-150 times higher service life than alloy tool steel.
4.Cemented carbide can cut material with 50 HRC.
Disadvantages
It has low bend strength, poor impact toughness, high brittleness and low shock resistance.
HSS
HSS is high-carbon high alloy steel, which is a tool steel with high hardness, high wear resistance and high thermal resistance. In the quenching state, iron, chromium, partial tungsten and carbon in high speed steel form a extremely hard carbide, Improving the wear resistance of steel. The other partial tungsten is dissolved in the matrix, increasing the red hardness of steel, up to 650°C.
2. Stable quality, generally adopted to make small tools with complex shapes.
Disadvantages
The hardness, service life and HRC are much lower than tungsten carbide. At a high temperature of 600°C or above 600°C, the hardness of HSS will decrease significantly, and it can’t be used.
Manufacturing Methods
Tungsten carbide
The manufacturing of cemented carbide is to mix tungsten carbide and cobalt in a certain proportion, pressurize into various shapes, and then semi-sintering. This sintering process is usually carried out in a vacuum furnace. It is placed in a vacuum oven to complete the sintering, and at this time, the temperature is approximately 1300°C and 1,500°C. The sintered tungsten carbide forming is to press the powder into a blank and then is heated to a certain degree in the sintering furnace. It needs to keep the temperature for a certain time and then cool down, thereby obtaining the desired carbide material.
HSS
The heat treatment process of HSS is more complicated than cemented carbide, which must be quenched and tempered. During the quenching, due to the poor thermal conductivity, it is generally divided into two stages. Preheat first at 800 ~ 850 °C, so as not to cause large thermal stress, then quickly heat to the quenching temperature 1190°C to 1290 °C which is distinguished when the different grades in the actual use. Then cool down by oil cooling, air cooling or gas-filled cooling.
Applications
Tungsten carbide
Wide applications of tungsten carbide, includes used as rock-drilling tools, mining tools, drilling tools, measuring tools, carbide wear parts, cylinder liner, precision bearings, nozzles, hardware molds such as wire drawing dies, bolt dies, nut dies, and various fastener dies, which have excellent performance, gradually replacing the previous steel mold.
HSS
HSS has good process performance with a good combination of strength and toughness, therefore mainly used to manufacture metal cutting tools with complex thin edges and good impact-resistant, high-temperature bearings and cold extrusion molds.
Material Ingredients
Tungsten carbide
The cemented carbide has a main component of a metal high hardness refractory carbide with WC, TiC micron powder, cobalt (CO) or nickel (Ni), molybdenum (MO) as the binder. It is the powder metallurgical product sintered in a vacuum furnace or hydrogen reduction furnace.
HSS
High speed steel is complex steel, with a carbon content generally between 0.70% and 1.65%, and 18.91% Tungsten content, a 5.47% Chloroprene rubber content, a 0.11% Manganese content, which is very close to the subsequent W18CR4V component.
In the flexible packaging color printing composite industry, the solvent-free adhesive will be the direction of future development, affecting the development trend of the flexible packaging industry. As the enhanced awareness for environmental protection and the importance for the safety of food packaging, how to reduce costs and improve competitive advantage, producing the commodities conforming to the hygienic requirements for food packaging, is the problem of most food manufacturer concerning. The promotion of solventless adhesive in the market is in line with this trend. In Europe, the solvent-free adhesive has a share of 40% in the flexible packaging composite adhesive market.
High-temperature resistant solvent-free adhesive
The universal solvent adhesive is suitable for general flexible packaging composite applications, not suitable for cooking with a temperature above 100 ° C . Usually the solventless adhesive can be classified into 3 grades. Low-grade type is generally used for dry content packaging with lightweight and simple structures. Medium grade type is typically applied to multi-layer composite products which can withstand load or having a liquid content and is resistant to cooking and steaming. High-grade types could have adhesive applications with certain tolerances. Currently, the solvent-free adhesive is rarely used for high-temperature cooking, but the solventless composite material completely replacing the dry composite material and developing high temperature resistant solventless adhesive will be inevitable trends.
Two-component coating solvent-free adhesive
Two-component coating solvent-free adhesive is developed in 2016. The so-called two-component coating, that is, a primary agent, a curing agent, is a separate coating, when the two-component adhesives are mixed, the curing reaction is rapidly generated and the corresponding mechanical strength is achieved. The entire composite process does not require an ultraviolet lamp. It is a new type of flexible packaging composite technology. It has been widely concerned in the flexible packaging industry, mainly because it has the advantages of separate coating, quickly curing at normal temperature, easy to operate. It is clear that the two-component coating type will become the trend of solvent-free adhesive in the future.
Solvent-free adhesives are the trend and direction of flexible packaging composite adhesives, with the advantages of high efficiency, environment-friendly, lost-cost, no residual solvent, high safety, and high initial adhesion.
Environmentally friendly, High efficiency will be the main trend of future packaging industries. In terms of composite adhesives, solvent-free adhesives will replace traditional solvent-based adhesives, which has become a consensus of the packaging industry. The solvent-free adhesive is more widely used in the flexible packaging industry.
What Are Solvent-free Adhesives
Solvent-free adhesives are a viscous substrate, which can connect together by means of their viscosity. They are viscous liquid at normal temperatures, such as an epoxy resin which Is one of the most important auxiliary materials and has extremely wide applications in the packaging industry. Solvent-free adhesive mostly is adopted for the solventless laminating machine, also can be used on existing solvent drying compound equipment which is suitable for many color printing plants to improve the high residual solvent, reducing production costs, no need to input new equipment.
Composite adhesive for flexible packaging is constantly undergoing technical improvement and innovation. The new type of solventless adhesive performance can completely meet the dry composite requirements among the most flexible packaging materials and can be used on a solvent dry compound machine. It can meet the requirements of drug & food packaging.
Features And Advantages Of Solvent-free Adhesives
Solvent-free adhesive is an ideal replacement for solvent adhesive.
1. Effectively reducing the residual solvent
Since it is a solvent-free adhesive, the adhesive itself does not bring the second solvent contamination, the printed film can further decrease the residual solvent when passing through the drying oven, adopting a solventless adhesive is quite effective to control residual solvent.
2.High initial adhesion
The high initial shear strength of solventless adhesives makes it possible for real-time slitting and delivery without curing. This performance is quite effective for shortening delivery time.
3.Relatively low cost
Usually, the required coating amount is 1.6g to 2.4 g per square meter, not any solvent used, so its composite cost per square meter will significantly lower than solvent-based composite.
4.Improving the working environment, reducing pollution, reducing work strength, and avoiding the risk of the fires
Since the solventless adhesive does not need to be diluted, it can be directly used for production, reducing the labor of the operating worker and also avoiding the concentration of solvent in air, which is advantageous for workers. Of course, without the existence of solvent, it also can avoid the hidden risks of fire.
5.Effectively reducing the occurrence of quality accidents
With a solventless composite product, it can directly see the quality of the product. Only the appearance and composite intensity of the product should be carefully checked when going off the production line. After a period of time, as the increase of adhesive composite strength among the adhesive molecules, the appearance will become better. For the composite of the aluminized product, the solventless adhesive can effectively prevent aluminizing transfer.
Solventless laminator adopts green environment-protection technology. It has occupied a high market share in Europe and the United States, accounting for 80% to 90% of the composite machine. It can ensure the non-pollution of the composite packaging of food & drugs, increasingly applied to the composite film packaging industry and the flexible packaging industry.
Solventless laminator has many advantages such as reducing cost, improve product quality, environmental protection, safety and stability production, which has a high production practical value.
1.Taking the S1 L90 series solventless lamination machine as an example, solvent composite is safer and more healthy, compared with the ordinary dry compound process, 100% of the adhesive can be achieved when using S1 L90 Series laminator, because there is no solvent composite in the production process, avoiding the use of organic solvents, at all solve the residual solvents problem. Solvent-free composite is a healthier composite process. And there is no solvent residue, reducing the contamination of packaging content, especially for the packaging of food, pharmaceuticals, etc.
2. Solventless composite equipment can reduce production costs. It doesn’t have a drying channel, so the structure is compact, with small occupied space. The equipment cost is low, which can significantly reduce the cost of composite film production.
3. In general, the coating amount solvent-free composite is usually from 1.3-1.8 g / m2, while dry composite is 2.5-4 g / m2, and therefore, the amount of adhesive consumption can be reduced by about 50% compared to dry composite. Although solvent-free glue has a higher price, the overall raw material cost can also decrease by about 20%.
4. There’s no solvent-type adhesive and can reduce energy consumption. At the same time, eliminating the long-time volatility of the solvent adhesive in a drying oven.
5. Solvent-free machine has a high-speed composition production line and the highest speed can reach 480m/minute, generally approximately at 300m/minute, with high production efficiency.
6. The structure of the solvent lamination machine is compact with fewer operators, reducing labor costs.
7. Solvent-free composite has a high safety and fire and explosion risk can be reduced to the minimum. The factory and production workshops do not require special measures for fire prevention, explosion-proof.
Solvent-free composite has a wide range of applications. With the advantages of environmentally friendly, hygiene, high efficiency, the solventless laminator is especially applied for the flexible packaging industry.
Solventless lamination is a method for the composite of two or more substrates using a solvent-free adhesive. The solventless laminator is the equipment which can be applied for a solvent-free adhesive composite. Composite substrates mainly include BOPP, PET, NYLON, CPP, PE, VMPET, VMCPP, PVC, aluminum foil, paper, etc.
Types of solventless laminator
There’re three types of solventless laminator including types of exclusive solvent-free, the combination of solvent-free and dry compound, multifunctional combination.
Exclusive solvent-free laminator is only used for solventless composite, once molding with two-layer structure or three-layer structure. It can be classified into types of manual roll changing and automatic roll changing.
The equipment adopting the combination techniques of solvent-free and dry compound can be used for solventless composite and the coating unit can be switched. This type of equipment can be connected with two machines, thereby achieving a one-time molding of three-layer structure. For example, the first machine produces PET / AL adopting a dry compound method and the second machine can complete the composite of PET / Al and PE using a solventless method.
The Multi-function type equipment can achieve solventless, dry compound, PVDC coating, cold sealing positioning coating, hot melt adhesive coating, reverse printing, etc, through switching coating units.
Work Principle Of Solventless Laminator
The mostly used solventless laminator has a structure of two-layer composite, a single station unwinding, which mainly constitutes of an unwinding unit and coating unit as a first-layer, and an unwinding unit, a composite unit, a rewinding unit. The structure of the solventless laminating machine includes a two-roller device, a winding device, and solvent-free adhesive coating composite equipment. The outstanding feature is that after entering the composite through a special coating device, it is not necessary for drying. The solventless composite machine satisfies the requirement of a solvent-free adhesive coating,which is a significant difference from the solvent drying compound equipment. The solvent-free machine has precise control for the temperature of the coating equipment, relying on the adjustment of temperature and the viscosity of the adhesive for promoting the coating application. It is equipped with a closed-loop tension controller which can strictly control the winding tension.
The specific installation position, lighting angle and the brightness for the navigation light, all have special requirements. The irregular use or failure of the navigation light will transmit the error signal and caused huge obstacles for the collision prevention.
Masthead light
It is installed above on the mast of a ship or above on the centerline, showing uninterrupted in the 225 degree horizontal arc.
Sidelight
It is installed on the left and right sides of the highest boat deck. The screen of sidelight facing the light surface should be coated with the berlin black. The height of the screen is at least equal to the height of the lamp. The boat which has a length of more than 80 meters, should install red, green sidelight on the bow, stern.
Stern light
The boat stern light should be installed in the middle of the stern. The height of the light should be kept horizontally with the sidelight as possible, but can’t be higher than the height of the sidelight.
Headlight
The marine headlight is placed in the bow of the pusher barge and the height can’t be higher than the headlight.
Red-green flashing light
It is the left red, right green marine flash lighting installed above the sidelight and its flashing frequency is 50 to 70 per minute. The boats with a length of less than 12 meters can also adopt a water torch instead of red and green flashing lights and should keep light bright with clear color.
Anchor light
The marine anchor light is installed on the top of the mast with all-around flashing.
Each provision concerning the navigation light must be observed from sunset to sunrise. The signal lights can also be displayed in the situation that the visibility is poor during the day. At the time of navigation light displaying, the lighting which confuses or weakens the display performance of the signal light, can’t be allowed to display.
The Function Requirements
1. The navigation light should be waterproof and the lamp holder should have a structure that prevents its own loose. It should adopt a two-filament bulb. The control box should be in the cab and the switch of the control box should have an instruction to explain its use. The cable of the navigation light is fastened with the complete lampshade & bulb and the good & reliable ground.
2. The switch should be set on the navigation light control box, used to convert the power supply. Each navigation light should be powered by a separate branch that is placed close to the control box installed in the cab and should adopt the switch and fuse which are installed in the control box for control and protection of each insulation of these branches.
3.The navigation light control box should be powered directly from the main distribution board and emergency distribution board.
4. There should be an automatic indicator that can make an auditory or a visual alarm signal at each navigation light and there should be some measurements which are adopted to prevent the navigation light go out due to the signal light failure. The auditory and visual alarms for the failure of the navigation light control box should be provided.
The article has combed the key requirements and regulations for navigation lights and signal lights, giving an explanation for the various types and functions of the boat navigation light.
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