Based on X-ray theory, the alloy analyzer was born. It is primarily utilised in the military, aerospace, steel, petrochemical, electric power, pharmaceutical, and other areas to determine elemental composition of metal products.

How does the Alloy Analyzer Work

The alloy analyzer is a type of XRF spectroscopic analytical tool that can be used to confirm and quantify certain elements in a product. It can identify the specific element based on the X-ray’s emission wavelength () and energy (E), and it can quantify the amount of that element by measuring the density of the related ray. XRF can thus assess the elemental composition of substances.

Each atom contains a set number of electrons (negatively charged particles) that orbit the nucleus. And the amount of electrons in the nucleus equals the number of protons (positively charged particles). The number of protons can be calculated from the number of atoms in the periodic table. Each atomic number is assigned to a specific element name, for as iron, which has the element name Fe and the atomic number 26. Energy-dispersive X fluorescence and wavelength dispersive X fluorescence spectral analysis technology was developed and used to the three innermost electron orbitals, namely K, L, and M. The K orbital is the closest to the nucleus, and each electron orbital corresponds to a certain element with a specific energy layer.

Photons of high-energy primary rays generated by the X-ray emission tube strike the sample element during XRF analysis. These fundamental photons have enough energy to derail the innermost electrons, known as the K or L layers. At this point, the atom transforms into an unstable ion. Because electrons seek stability instinctively, electrons in the outer L or M layers will enter the space that makes up the inner layer. As these electrons move from the outer layer to the inner layer, they emit energy known as secondary X-ray photons.

The entire process is known as fluorescence radiation. Each element’s secondary rays will have distinct properties. The energy differential between the inner and outer layers during the electron conversion process determines the quantity of energy created by X-ray photon fluorescence radiation. The K energy of an iron atom Fe, for example, is around 6.4 kiloelectron volts. The number or density of X-rays emitted by a certain element over a given time period can be used to calculate its amount. A typical XRF energy distribution spectrum depicts photon density distribution at various energies.

What should I pay attention to when using a Handheld Alloy Analyzer?

When determining the composition of materials with a portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (handheld alloy analyzer), three significant criteria must be considered.

Material Composition

From magnesium to heavier elements, the handheld spectrometer alloy analyzer can quantitatively analyse more than 90% of the elements in the periodic table. Most of the elements used in commercial alloys are represented by these quantifiable elements. According to the material composition information collected, the XRF analyzer can detect aluminium alloy, stainless steel, chromium-molybdenum alloy or base alloy, bronze alloy, various other copper alloys, solder, titanium alloy, tool steel, nickel, and cobalt. Elements Many so-called “superalloys” are brand-matchable. The handheld alloy analyzer, however, cannot identify elements lighter than magnesium. Alloying elements such as lithium, beryllium, and carbon are examples of undetectable elements.

The Surface Temperature of the Alloy Analyzer Sample

The physical properties of X-rays employed in XRF analysis technology do not change much when the temperature of the sample changes. Furthermore, the analysis device’s design purpose is to be unaffected by changes in ambient circumstances and to always provide reliable measurement performance. Thermal drift and performance deterioration will not occur when the analyzer is operated in the temperature range of -10 °C to 50 °C.

When the sample temperature exceeds roughly 100 °C, the alloy analyzer is not altered, and the sample can be measured normally. However, if the temperature rises above this level, the polypropylene fibre film that forms part of the analyzer glass may be destroyed.

How do users of handheld alloy analyzers go about purchasing high-quality handheld alloy analyzers? This is a critical question. At the end of this post, I recommend Drawell, a maker of high-quality handheld alloy analyzers. Drawell Scientific is a reputable maker of portable alloy analyzers. Always give high-quality products to clients worldwide. They may deliver high-quality alloy analyzers such as the Handheld handheld XRF Gold Analyzer (TrueX Gold) and the Handheld Alloy Analyzer (TrueX 800).

Spring can be found in a variety of machinery. From consumer goods to large industrial equipment, removing anything requiring mechanical components may reveal a spring, which is a mechanical storage device. Types, properties, and applications of spring are discussed in this article.

Cylindrical Helical Spring

Circular cross-section type

It’s a circular-section compression spring.

The characteristic line is linear, stiff, has a simple structure, is easy to manufacture, and has a wide range of applications. It is mostly employed in mechanical equipment as a buffer, vibration reduction, energy storage, and control movement.

Rectangular cross-section type

The cylindrical spiral compression spring with a rectangular cross-section offers more stiffness and absorption energy than the circular section type under the same space conditions. The characteristic line approaches the straight line, and the stiffness approaches the constant.

Flat-shaped section type

The cylindrical helical spring with a flat-shaped section has more storage energy and compression than the circular cross-section kind. As a result, it is frequently employed in applications such as engine valve mechanisms, clutches, and automatic transmissions.

Variable pitch type

When the load is increased to a particular degree, the spring gradually tightens the spacing from the section, causing the stiffness to increase. As a result, its autobiography frequency becomes variable, which has a positive effect on removing or reducing resonance and is extensively utilised in high-speed load-changing mechanisms.

Multi-wire type

Steel wire rope is the material. The contact between the steel wires is somewhat slack when not loaded. When the external load hits a particular threshold, the contact becomes tight and the spring rigidity increases. It is commonly utilised in weaponry and aircraft engines.

Extension Spring

The performance and properties of the cylindrical helical spring with a circular cross-section are the same. It is mostly employed in tensile load settings.

Torsion Spring

The torsion spring is under torsion load and is mostly utilised for compression, energy storage, and transmission system elasticity. It has a linear characteristic line and a wide range of applications, including measuring and metering as well as the compulsory air valve closure mechanism.

Spiral Spring

The spiral spring can absorb more energy in the same space than other springs, and the friction between the plates can be employed to dampen vibration. It is frequently employed to absorb thermal expansion deformation. The downside is that the distance between the boards is narrow and difficult to quench, making spray treatment impossible. Furthermore, the manufacturing accuracy is insufficient. It can be used as both a measuring and pressing element.

Torsion Bar Spring

The torsion bar spring has a simple structure, but the criteria for material quality and production precision are high. It is mostly utilised as a suspension spring in automobiles and compact vehicles.

Ring-shaped Spring

The ring spring is widely used in occasions that need to absorb large energy but is limited by space, such as springs for locomotive traction devices, and buffer springs for cranes and cannons.

Leaf Spring

A leaf spring is a metal piece that has a rectangular cross-section, which is mainly used for situations when the loading and deformation are not large. It can be used as a sensitive element in the detection instrument or automatic device.

Plate Spring

The plate spring is made of numerous spring steel plates bonded together. It is commonly employed as a suspension device in automobiles, tractors, and trains as a buffer and vibration reducer.

Rubber Spring

The distinguishing line progressively increases in length. This rubber-metal helical spring has greater stiffness than a rubber spring and greater damping than metal springs. As a result, it has great loading capacity, strong vibration reduction, and wear resistance, making it excellent for suspension structures for mining machinery and heavy vehicles.

Rubber-metal Spring

The distinguishing line progressively increases in length. This rubber-metal helical spring has greater stiffness than a rubber spring and greater damping than metal springs. As a result, it has great loading capacity, strong vibration reduction, and wear resistance, making it excellent for suspension structures for mining machinery and heavy vehicles.

Air Spring

An air spring is a non-metallic spring that achieves elastic properties by compressing air. It is commonly employed in vehicle suspension devices, which can significantly improve automotive power performance, therefore air springs are frequently utilised on vehicles and trains.

Geological exploration wells, pre-exploration wells, detailed exploration wells (evaluation wells), and development wells (including inspection data wells, production wells, water injection wells, adjustment wells, and so on) are the most common types of oil drilling. It can be separated into vertical wells, horizontal wells, and some other specific structure wells based on the well structure.

Production Well

Production wells, also known as development wells, are wells drilled during the oilfield development stage for oil and gas production, and include oil (gas) wells, water injection (gas) wells, adjustment wells, and so on. Drilling production wells rarely takes cores since the formation conditions are clear, the drilling speed is fast, and the cost is low.

(1) Oil (gas) wells: During the development of an oil field, wells drilled for the extraction of oil and natural gas are classified as oil-producing wells or gas-producing wells.

(2) Water (gas) injection wells: wells drilled to inject water and gas into the oil field to supplement and rationalise formation energy in order to increase recovery rate, and can be classified as positive injection wells (wells that inject water from the tubing to the formation) or reverse injection wells (wells that inject water from the casing into the formation).

(3) Adjustment wells: The supplemental drilling to improve the oilfield development effect refers to wells drilled in favourable positions during the oil and gas field development process to better develop the oil and gas fields based on the original well pattern.

Exploration well

Exploration wells, which include geological wells, pre-exploration wells, detailed exploration wells, and evaluation wells, are wells drilled for the goal of acquiring geological data. In most cases, exploration wells are drilled vertically.

(1) Pre-exploration wells: These are wells drilled to identify oil and gas reservoirs in favourable traps defined by intensive seismic examination and extensive geological research, as well as wells drilled to discover new oil and gas reservoirs in established oil fields.

(2) Detailed exploration wells: These are wells that are dug in identified oil and gas traps to prove the boundaries and reserves of oil and gas, as well as to comprehend the structure and oil production capability of oil and gas layers.

(3) Evaluation well: a well drilled to demonstrate the oil and gas area and geological reserves of the trap after the oil and gas reservoir is located in the preexploration well.

Drilling exploratory wells takes a long time and costs a lot because of the unknown formation conditions and the requirement to take cores and measure geological data.

Exploration wells include geological exploration wells, pre-exploration wells, and detailed exploration wells (evaluation wells). Oil production wells, gas production wells, water injection wells, and gas injection wells dug for oil production are one type of development well; the other is adjustment wells, supplemental wells, inspection of resource wells, and so on.

Directional well

In oil drilling, directional wells, which include horizontal and deviated wells, are wells drilled following the design trajectory for specific reasons and requirements, in addition to vertical wells. Since the 1990s, as drilling technology has advanced and improved, highly deviated wells, horizontal wells, and extended reach wells have been the development direction to satisfy the needs of oil and gas field exploitation.

(1) Horizontal well

A horizontal well is one that is drilled along the (nearly) horizontal direction to a fixed length and has a large well inclination of between 86° and 120°. Horizontal well technology has been developed since the 1990s because it can expand the exposed area of the produced oil layer, raise the oil output of the oil layer, and increase the recovery rate of the oil field. Horizontal wells have four curvature radius types: long, medium, medium-short, and short. Horizontal well drilling is a relatively challenging task that necessitates the use of specialised equipment, drilling tools, tools, instruments, and processes.

(2) Deviated well

Deviated wells refer to wells whose designed large inclination angle does not exceed 85°, and can be divided into low-inclination wells, medium-inclination wells, and high-inclination wells, among which medium-inclination wells are used more.

(3) Cluster wells

Due to the constraints of the ground, environment, and other conditions, as well as the requirements for rational use of land resources, it is often necessary to drill several or dozens of directional wells and one vertical well in a planned manner on a well site or platform during the development of an oil field. Cluster wells are the collective name for these wells. The average distance between cluster wells’ wellheads (well spacing) is 23m. Cluster wells are frequently employed in offshore oilfield development because they lower the cost of building well sites or platforms and make oil well production management easier.

Deep and ultra-deep wells

It can be split into shallow wells (drilling depth less than 2000 metres) and deep wells (drilling depth greater than 2000 metres).

Wells with a drilling depth of 2000-4500 metres

Deep wells (drilling depths ranging from 4500 to 6000 metres)

Ultra-deep wells (wells drilled to depths greater than 6,000 metres)

Esimtech is a manufacturer of simulation training systems for the oil and gas industry, and its products include the whole oil and gas production line. Drilling simulators, well control simulators, emergency training simulators, and more are available. You can look at our product categories. If the product you require is not on the list, we can customise it to meet your specifications.

The X-ray diffractometer employs the principle of X-ray diffraction to precisely determine a substance’s crystal structure, texture, and stress. An X-ray diffractometer is capable of performing phase analysis, qualitative analysis, and quantitative analysis on substances.

How Does an X-ray Diffractometer Work

Characteristic X-ray is an extremely short wavelength electromagnetic wave (approximately 200.06nm) that may penetrate a specific thickness of material and cause fluorescent materials to emit light, photographic latex photosensitivity, and gas ionisation. The X-ray diffractometer produced by the X instrument hitting the metal “target” with electron beams contains characteristic (or identifying) X-rays with certain wavelengths corresponding to various elements in the target.

Given that the wavelength of X-rays is similar to the distance between atoms inside crystals, German physicist M.von Laue proposed an important scientific theory in 1912: crystals can emit diffracted light as X-ray space, which means that when A beam X Rays pass through the crystal, the superposition of diffracted waves will increase the intensity of the rays in some directions while weakening the light in others. Analyzing the diffraction pattern left on the photographic film can reveal the structure of the crystal under test. This theory’s viability was demonstrated in future experiments.

What are the Application Areas of X-ray Diffraction

Metallurgy, petroleum, the chemical industry, scientific research, aircraft, teaching, material production, and other fields all make extensive use of X-ray diffraction.

When the X-ray wavelength is known (choose typical X-rays with a set wavelength), you can meet the Bragg criterion by using fine powder or fine-grained polycrystalline linear samples from a pile of crystals with any orientation from any angle. Reflection will occur on the reflecting surface. After measuring, apply the Bragg formula to get the lattice spacing d, unit cell size, and unit cell type.

In X-ray structural analysis, X-ray diffraction uses the theoretical basis of the powder technique or Debye-Scherrer method to calculate the intensity of the diffraction line and hence the arrangement of atoms in the unit cell.

The single-crystal sample used in the Laue method to determine the single crystal orientation must keep the measured substance constant (that is, the remains unchanged), and the wavelength of the radiation beam is used as a variable to ensure that all crystal faces meet the conditions of the Bragg formula, so choose a continuous X-ray beam. Then, for measurement, utilise a crystal with a known structure (known as an analytical crystal). Once the direction of the diffraction line has been determined, the wavelength of the X-ray can be computed to find the element that provides the characteristic X-ray. This is an X-ray spectrometer for determining the composition of metals and alloys.

Then, for measurement, utilise a crystal with a known structure (analysis crystal). After determining the direction of the diffraction line, the crystal’s X-ray wavelength can be estimated and analysed to discover its characteristic X-ray element. This is an X-ray spectrometer for determining the composition of metals and alloys.

Application of X-ray Diffractometer in Metallurgy

Then, for measurement, utilise a crystal with a known structure (analysis crystal). After determining the direction of the diffraction line, the crystal’s X-ray wavelength can be estimated and analysed to discover its characteristic X-ray element. This is an X-ray spectrometer for determining the composition of metals and alloys.

In the field of mental determination, the most often utilised X-ray diffraction methods are qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis. To determine the phases present in the material, qualitative analysis compares the measured lattice spacing and diffraction intensity of the material to be tested with the diffraction data of the standard phase; quantitative analysis determines the phases of the material to be tested based on the intensity of the diffraction pattern Proportional content.

The accurate estimation of lattice parameters is frequently used to build the phase diagram’s solid-state solubility curve. When the solute approaches the solubility limit, if the solute continues to increase, it will cause the precipitation of new phases and will no longer cause the lattice constant to change. This tipping point is known as the dissolution limit. Furthermore, exact measurement of the lattice constant can yield the number of atoms per unit cell, which can be used to define the kind of solid solution; it can also yield valuable physical constants such as density and expansion coefficient.

X-rays can be used to measure grain size (mosaic) and microscopic tension. The size and micro-stress of the crystal grains can be estimated by examining the shape and intensity of the diffracted light pattern. Metal deformation and heat treatment both result in visible changes, and these characteristics have a direct impact on the material’s performance.

Furthermore, the X-ray diffractometer can be utilised to investigate the instantaneous dynamics of metals at high, low, and special temperatures.

The preceding is a simple overview of the X-Ray Diffractometer. You must decide whether you require an X-Ray Diffractometer based on your requirements. However, as a piece of essential laboratory equipment, the functionality and purpose of the X-Ray Diffractometer must be confirmed. Furthermore, the X-ray diffractometer can be utilised to investigate the instantaneous dynamics of metals at high, low, and special temperatures. If you have any questions about X-Ray Diffractometer or quickly learn the professional knowledge, please visit the article of “what is X-ray diffractometer“

Many factors influence the tension control system, which can lead to related issues. According to the structure and working principle of the tension control system, analysing and determining the reasons, and correcting problems with appropriate techniques to ensure the tension control system’s stable operation. This article discusses three typical faults and their solutions of tension control system.

1. Inaccurate Overprinting Of Tension Control System

Fault phenomenon

During normal printing operations, the swing roller swings erratically and has a considerable swing amplitude, resulting in inaccurate overprinting.

Solutions

Because the construction of the tension control system is quite complex, there are numerous explanations for this failure, which are summarised below.

(1) The swing roller cylinder’s pneumatic control circuit components are prone to deterioration, resulting in piston leakage and unstable swing roller cylinder loading pressure. In this regard, it is possible to consider replacing damaged pneumatic circuit components, as well as replacing the swing roller cylinder if necessary.

(2) The high-precision potentiometer runs for a long time within a specific range, and when the resistance value within that range varies, it is easy for the high-precision potentiometer’s feedback signal to become unstable. At this point, the high-precision potentiometer should be replaced as soon as possible.

(3) There is an excessive gap between the potentiometer gear and the rotary shaft gear. The position of the swing roller will shift as the tension changes. However, because of the gap, it is easy for the swing roller to repeatedly swing back and forth, reducing printing accuracy. The clearance should be modified in accordance with guidelines for this.

2. Unstable Tension Of Tension Control System

Fault phenomenon

When the winding diameter is big during the winding process, the winding tension display value frequently drops as the winding diameter grows. At this point, the driver’s output current will continue to rise. When the output current exceeds the motor’s rated current, the driver will activate overcurrent protection and send a fault alarm.

Solutions

First, ensure that the load on the driver and the motor speed encoder are both normal. Following calibration of the winding web tension controller, it was discovered that one of the tension sensors had failed, causing the detected winding tension signal value to be half of the real winding tension value. To achieve the predetermined winding tension, the web tension controller will constantly raise the output until it reaches 100% as the winding diameter grows. The actual winding tension has significantly exceeded the predetermined winding tension at this point, and the reel material is extremely tight. As the load grows, the drive overcurrent protection kicks in. After replacing the tension sensor and recalibrating, the system returns to normal. It should be noted that when calibrating the winding tension controller, the weight used should be as close to the full tension value as possible to improve the tension control accuracy.

3. Excessive Winding Starting Tension Of Tension Control System

Fault phenomenon

When the tension control system starts, the full tension value of the winding tension controller is exceeded, and the equipment must run for approximately 2 minutes to establish constant tension functioning. This not only wastes a considerable amount of raw materials, lowering yield, but it also readily causes zero displacements of the tension sensor, resulting in tension control value deviation.

Solutions

Adjust the driver’s input signal, as well as the gain, bias, and PID parameters of the tension feedback signal, but the fault persists. Check to see if the tension reset and tension sensor signals are normal. When the take-up tension controller was detected, it was discovered that its internal stall storage reset point was broken, despite the fact that the external reset signal of the take-up tension controller was normal. In fact, the take-up tension controller not only did not reset but also saved the previous roll’s take-up tension value, resulting in a significant take-up starting tension problem. The winding beginning tension will revert to normal after repairing the internal stall storage reset point of the winding tension controller and replacing damaged parts.

Although the spring is a minor component of the manufacturing business, it serves a significant role. Various types of springs include extension springs used in fitness equipment, battery springs in remote controls, and compression springs used in ballpoint pens and bicycles. But how much do you know about these springs, such as their properties, applications, categories, and customisation, and so on? This post will provide you a general overview of the spring.

What exactly is Spring?

Definition

A spring is a mechanical component that works by utilising elasticity. Elastic materials deform when subjected to external force, and the original state is restored after the external force is removed.

Characteristics

Elongation and compression are features of springs. The spring’s stiffness can be determined based on the application. The stiffness of a steel wire is determined by its diameter, the elastic modulus of the material, and its length in relation to tension and expansion.

Materials for manufacturing

Spring production materials should have high elasticity, impact toughness, and thermal treatment performance in general. Carbon spring steel, alloy spring steel, stainless spring steel, copper alloy, nickel alloys, and rubber materials are the most common materials used to make springs.

Wide Applications Of The Spring

Spring products play a significant part in the growth of the national sector. The expansion and improvement of the spring quality are required for mechanical equipment upgrading and enhanced host machine support performance. Toys, locks, staplers, ballpoint pens, fitness equipment, mattress, sofa, suspension springs for passenger cars and small vehicles, detecting instruments, automatic devices, pressure meters, and so on are all examples of where springs are employed.

The Main Categories of The Spring

The spring is classified as tension springs, compression springs, torsion springs, and bending springs based on its mechanical qualities.

It is classified as disc springs, ring springs, leaf springs, coil springs, truncated cone scroll springs, torsion bar springs, and so on based on its shape.

The most commonly used springs are compressed springs and tension springs, the majority of which may be customised by expert spring manufacturers who use CNC computer control or mechanical spring machinery for the manufacturing process, ensuring automatic and labour-saving production.

1. Torsion Spring

Torsion deformation is represented by a spring. The spring’s terminal structure is a torsion arm that can be formed into a variety of shapes. Torsion springs employ the idea of leverage by twisting or rotating elastic material that is soft and stiff, resulting in a high mechanical energy.

2. Extension Spring

It is an axially tensioned coil spring. When there is no strain on the extension spring, the coils are normally tight with no gaps.

3. Compression Spring

It is a coil spring, and the material utilised frequently has a circular cross-section. It is constructed from rectangular and multi-steel rollers. Their forms are often cylindrical, conical, medium convex, and medium concave. It has a steady stiffness, a simple construction, a simple production process, a wide application, and is mostly employed in mechanical equipment with buffer, vibration dampening, energy storage, and control activity features.

4. Disc Spring

Disc springs are excellent for bearing buffering and damping. diverse combinations can produce diverse properties, which are commonly employed in pressure safety valves, automated transfer devices, reset devices, and clutches.

5. Wire Spring

The elasticity coefficient of the wire spring’s thickness and density from top to bottom is fixed. This spring’s design can provide the vehicle with a more stable and linear dynamic response, which is beneficial to the driver and allows for greater control of the vehicle. It is primarily utilised for high-performance modified automobiles and competition vehicles.

6. Lowering Spring

Lowering springs are shorter and thicker than original springs. Installing the spring significantly reduces the gravity of the car body and the inclination when turning, making the turning more stable and smooth, and increasing vehicle handling in bends.

Spring Customization

Customized spring and inventory spring, which is better?

A bespoke spring is preferable when a precise spring size is required. If you need the spring right away, the inventory spring may be the best option. If you don’t need to customise it, using the original spring can save you money.

These two types of springs, on the other hand, are cost-effective. In some circumstances, a customised spring is a more cost-effective option because you can acquire a correct size for the first time.

Professional custom spring supplier – KENENG

With 20 years of designing, researching, and developing, manufacturing experience, and a variety of standard and customised sizes available, KENENG is one of China’s leading spring suppliers, offering both regular stock goods and customised service. KENENG, as a competent bespoke spring maker, can suit a wide range of industrial requirements, with diameters ranging from 0.1 to 80mm. KENENG can supply spring customization in the form of drawings, turning direction (left and right hand), material, finishing, wire diameter, spring force, end type (closed, grounded, close and grounded, open), and unique processing technology for the spring.

Oil and gas drilling is a highly specialised and dangerous occupation. This article will quickly present the oil and gas drilling process and steps, as well as the simulation training platforms or simulators required for teaching oil and gas drilling created by Esimtech.

A lot happens during oil drilling, which requires complex drilling apparatus and technical procedures. The drilling process is fraught with dangers, including the possibility of blowouts, necessitating the use of safety devices such as blowout preventers. (BOPs).

The first step in oil drilling is to drill a hole through the earth’s crust. A drill string and a long bit are required. Remember that the drill bit’s diameter is 5 to 50 inches. After drilling a hole, a tiny diameter steel pipe is installed, and the spaces around it are filled with cement.

The Drilling Procedure

Cementing and Testing

Once the appropriate distance has been reached, the drill pipe is removed and the steel pipe is pushed to the bottom. Cement is used to hold this “well casing” in place. Before any gas or oil production can begin, the pipe must undergo rigorous tests to demonstrate that it is impermeable.

Completion

Before drillers can tap the oil and natural gas, a perforating gun is often lowered into the earth and shot into the rock layer in the deepest area of the well, creating holes that connect the rock holding the oil and natural gas and the wellhead.

Fracking

Now that the well’s first stage is open, it’s time to liberate the oil and gas trapped in the rock. Fracking fluid is blasted into perforating holes to create paper-thin fractures in the shale rock, releasing trapped oil and natural gas. Specialized equipment is utilised to continuously monitor well pressure and data.

Drill operators feed the hole during drilling with a range of materials, liquids, and chemicals to lubricate the revolving bit and clear the route of the broken rocks. New pipes must be added to the drill string as the drill bit progresses. It must be tightened to keep the pipe connections from separating in the well.

Having exceeded the financial limit

When the amount of oil and gas a well can produce is insufficient to sustain its continuous operations, we say it has reached its economic limit. As a result, the extraction must be halted by withdrawing the drill pipe and sealing the hole. This keeps the hydrocarbon reservoirs separate from the water.

Esimtech is a simulation trainer maker that does research and development. Drilling, well control, logging, oil production, gas production, downhole operations, oil and gas gathering and transportation, fracturing and acidizing, drilling rig installation, coiled tubing, pressure operation, and other petroleum engineering training simulation systems are all part of its comprehensive product line.

A form of UV spectrophotometer is the UV vis spectrophotometer. It is an analytical equipment based on the principle of ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, which analyses the absorption of radiation in the ultraviolet-visible spectrum using material molecules. The light source, monochromator, absorption cell, detector, and signal processor are the primary components. The light source’s function is to provide a stable continuous spectrum of suitable intensity.

A hydrogen lamp or a deuterium lamp is typically used in the ultraviolet light zone. A tungsten or halogen lamp is typically used in the visible light zone.

The monochromator’s function is to separate the monochromatic light of the desired wavelength from the composite light emitted by the light source.

Dispersive elements are classified into two types: prisms and gratings. A glass absorption cell is used for visible light measurements, and a quartz absorption cell is used for UV measurements.

The detector detects the intensity of the transmitted light using a photoelectric conversion element and converts the light signal into an electrical signal. Phototubes, photomultiplier tubes, and photodiode array detectors are common photoelectric conversion elements.

There are numerous spectrophotometer categorization methods: It is classified into single-beam ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometers and dual-beam ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometers based on the optical path system. It is classified into single-wavelength and dual-wavelength spectrophotometers based on the measurement method. The detection method of producing the spectrogram can be classified as spectrum scanning detection or diode array full spectrum detection.

What is the operation of the UV-Vis spectrophotometer?

The molecule’s ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum is the absorption spectrum created by the electronic energy level transition after some groups in the molecule absorb ultraviolet-visible radiation.

Because different chemicals in the analyte have distinct molecules, atoms, and molecular spatial configurations, their absorption of light energy will change. Spectrophotometric analysis is a powerful tool for investigating the composition, structure, and interaction of substances using their absorption spectra. It is a band-shaped spectrum that reflects information from different groups in the molecule. For qualitative investigation, the conventional light spectrum can be complemented with various methods.

Lambert-Beer’s law states that light absorption is proportional to the thickness of the absorption layer, and Beer’s law states that light absorption is proportional to the solution concentration; Lambert-Beer’s law holds true when both the thickness of the absorption layer and the influence of the solution concentration on the light absorption rate are taken into account. That example, if A=bc (A is the absorbance, is the molar absorption coefficient, b is the liquid pool thickness, and c is the solution concentration), then the solution can be quantitatively analysed. The analytical and control samples are produced in the same solvent at the same concentration, and the ultraviolet-visible absorption spectra are analysed independently under the same conditions. If they are the same substance, their spectra should be the same. If no standard sample is available, it can be compared to a ready-made standard spectrum control.

What is the structure and function of the UV-Vis spectrophotometer?

The UV-Vis spectrophotometer is composed of five parts: light source, monochromator, absorption cell, detector, and signal display system. Light source: A device that produces incident light that meets the specifications. Heat radiation light sources and gas-discharge light sources are the two categories. Thermal radiation light sources, such as tungsten lamps and tungsten halogen lamps, are used in the visible light region, with a wavelength range of 3501000nm; gas-discharge light sources, such as hydrogen and deuterium lamps, are used in the ultraviolet region, with a continuous wavelength range of 180360nm.

The function of a monochromator is to isolate the needed monochromatic light beam from the composite light created by the light source. It is the spectrophotometer’s brain. A cuvette is another name for an absorption cell. Its purpose is to determine the absorbance of the test solution. It has ground glass on the bottom and two sides, and optically clear surfaces on the other two sides. The optical surface of the absorption cell must be complete in order to limit light reflection loss. Perpendicular to the direction of the beam. It can be separated into glass cells and quartz cells based on the material. The former is used to measure the visible light region, whereas the latter is used to measure the ultraviolet light zone.

Detector: An optical signal converter that converts optical signals to electrical signals. Instead of directly detecting the intensity of light flowing through the absorption cell when measuring absorbance, it turns the intensity of light into a current signal for testing. A detector is a photoelectric conversion device.

Signal display system: A device that amplifies and displays the signal emitted by the detector.

What are the features and benefits of the UV vis spectrophotometer

Sensitivity is really high.

Excellent selectivity.

High precision.

Widespread use.

Use a variety of concentrations.

The expense of the analysis is little.

Simple to use.

The analysis is completed quickly.

How to choose a high-quality UV-Vis spectrometer is an important topic in the laboratory because it is an important laboratory tool. I’d like to suggest the UV-ViS spectrophotometer from DRAWELL to you. It can provide you with high-quality spectrometers as a professional spectrometer manufacturer. The UV-Vis spectrophotometer from DRAWELL is classified as a single beam spectrophotometer or a double beam spectrophotometer based on the instrument structure, and as a visible spectrophotometer or an ultraviolet spectrophotometer based on the wavelength and atmosphere of the absorbed light. If you have any questions about DRAWELL or UV-Vis Spectrometer, please contact us, and our engineers will offer you with high-quality technical assistance.

A viscometer refers to an instrument used to measure the viscosity of fluids. Viscometers can more accurately control the viscosity of measured substances, so they are widely used in the manufacturing process of liquid and gas products. But many people may have only heard of viscometers, but they don’t know what specific classifications of viscometers are, and what are the functions of different classifications of digital viscometers. This article will introduce the classification andt he functions of different types of digital viscometers. I hope it can help you.

Digital viscometer classification

The most commonly used digital viscometers in the production process are rotary, ultrasonic viscometers, and capillary viscometers.

Rotational viscometer

a digital viscometer with a rotating measurement system. There are many kinds of it: according to the measurement parameters, it can be divided into measuring torque type (rotation speed constant) and measuring speed type (torque constant); according to the different structures of the device, it can be divided into coaxial cylinder type and cone-plate type. For a torque-measuring viscometer with a coaxial cylinder structure, when the outer cylinder rotates at a certain speed, the torsion torque of the inner cylinder shaft is measured to indicate the viscosity. It can measure absolute viscosity, is suitable for high temperature and high pressure, and is often used in industrial production such as chemical fiber, papermaking, and resin polymer.

Rotary viscometer

It is composed of ultrasonic detection components and electronic instruments. When the electronic instrument outputs a pulse current to excite the iron-cobalt-vanadium shrapnel immersed in the liquid to be tested, due to the magnetostrictive effect (see piezomagnetic sensor), a mechanical vibration that decays over time is generated. The decay rate of the shrapnel in the liquid measured by the measuring circuit can indicate the viscosity of the liquid. The detection element is resistant to temperature up to 300°C and is also resistant to high pressure and corrosion. It is suitable for the control of chemical, petroleum, paper, rubber, plastic, paint, and heavy oil burners.

Capillary viscometer

Various forms such as Ubbelohde, Pin’s, Fen’s, and countercurrent.

The capillary viscometer is an instrument that uses capillary tubes to measure fluid viscosity. The behavior of the fluid flowing through the capillary follows the Poiseuille equation: η= (πr to the 4th power pt)/(8lv) rule. In the equation, η is the viscosity coefficient, r is the radius of the capillary, l is the length of the capillary, P is the pressure difference between the two ends of the capillary, v is the volume of the flowing liquid, and t is the flow time. There are many measurement methods for this viscometer. It can measure the time that a certain volume of liquid flows through the capillary under a certain pressure difference, and it can also measure the volume of the liquid flowing out of the capillary under a certain pressure difference per unit time. It can also specify a certain flow measurement capillary. The pressure difference between the two ends. The metering pump passes the measured liquid through the capillary tube at a certain flow rate, and then the pressure difference between the two ends of the capillary tube is measured by a differential pressure gauge to indicate the viscosity value. The capillary viscometer has a wide measuring range, high accuracy, is simple and easy to maintain, and can be used for high pressure, but it has high requirements for the cleanliness of the measured liquid. Suitable for measuring lubricating oil, fuel oil, etc.

Other

Of course, there are other types of viscometers, such as cup type:

En’s Viscometer, Ford Cup in the United States, Zahn Cup in Japan.

Falling ball type: Fungilab ViscoBall Falling Ball Viscometer

However, as a viscosity measuring device, the most mainstream ones are rotary viscometer, ultrasonic viscometer, and capillary viscometer.

Features of digital viscometer

Features of Digital Rotational Viscometer

Continuously sense and display data results;

The optional speed can meet different measurement ranges;

An RTD temperature probe can be purchased to monitor the sample temperature in real-time;

Built-in automatic time measurement function (set the time to reach the specified torque and the time to stop the measurement);

A warning will occur when the instrument falls below or exceeds the measuring range;

The USB port is connected to a personal computer to realize program control and data collection;

For the rotor, the thicker the rotor, the larger the model, and the wider the range of liquid viscosity that can be measured;

For the same liquid, the speed increases with the increase of the rotor model;

For the liquid to be tested, the greater the viscosity, the smaller the rotor can be measured;

Using the same kind of rotor, the speed decreases with the increase of viscosity.

Features of Ultrasonic Viscometer

(1) The high-precision smart meter controls the temperature, and the temperature is more accurate;

(2) The circulating water pump controls the water circulation;

(3) Large temperature control range;

(4) With electronic timer;

(5) With cold light illumination;

It can be cleaned at room temperature or heated.

Capillary viscometer features

Equipped with a dedicated partition frame;

The system is a completely stainless steel structure, which can be cleaned quickly and cleanly.

Each type of digital viscometer has a unique design and can meet different measurement requirements.

In the process of winding or unwinding, the quality and efficiency of production should be guaranteed. Tension control is very important. If the tension is too small, the coil is easy to loosen and causes lateral drift. If the tension is too large, the surface of the coiled material will wrinkle or even break.

Functions Of Tension Control

The tension controller directly affects the product quality. The tension control system is one of the core elements of the printing machine. Its performance reflects the performance of the gravure press. The tension control system plays the following roles.

1. According to the change law of tension, control the uncoiling speed of coil.

2. According to the direction of overprinting error, change the local tension in printing to achieve higher overprinting accuracy.

3. Adjust the speed of the winding shaft to make the winding neat.

4. Eliminate the tension fluctuation caused by the film itself.

5. Control and adjust the motion speed of the film.

Factors Affecting Tension Control

During the printing process, the tension of the film roll is constantly changing during the movement, which is mainly caused by the following factors

1. In the process of winding and unwinding, the diameter of the unwinding and rewinding is variable, and the change of the diameter will cause the change of the coil tension.

2. The shape of the membrane roll is not a standard cylinder, with a certain degree of eccentricity and local deformation. The weight of the coil is inconsistent.

3. The thickness of the film is uneven.

4. There are pressure differences and diameter differences between each roller, and the tension between each printing unit is inconsistent.

5. When the operating state of the printing machine changes, such as the increasing speed, decelerating speed, start, brake, and roll change, the tension changes greatly.

6. The change of the lifting speed of the machine will inevitably cause the change of the tension of the whole machine.

7. In the process of rewinding and unwinding, the diameter of winding and unwinding is constantly changing, and the change of diameter will inevitably cause the change of raw material tension. Under the condition that the braking torque of unwinding is constant, the diameter decreases and the tension increases. On the contrary, if the winding torque is constant, the tension will decrease as the winding diameter increases.

8. The change of the tightness of the raw material roll will also affect tension control of the whole machine.

9. Non-uniformity of printing raw materials

For example, the fluctuation of material elasticity, the change of material thickness along the width and length direction, the mass eccentricity of the coil, and the change of production environment temperature and humidity will also affect the tension control of the whole machine.

10. The change of speed during printing affects the tension control. When the running speed is increased or decreased, the main motor speed changes. First of all, it causes the instantaneous change of the tension of the material from the unwinding traction to the rewinding section, and the tension must be stabilized gradually after a period of small vibration of the material.

The methods of tension control

The tension control methods are generally divided into manual control and automatic control, and automatic control can be divided into constant tension control and taper tension control.

In terms of automatic tension controller, it includes open-loop semi-automatic tension controller and closed-loop full-automatic tension controller. The open-loop semi-automatic tension controller adjusts the coil tension by detecting the change of coil diameter, that is, taper tension control.

The full-automatic tension controller directly detects the tension of the coil through the tension sensor or tension detector and feeds back to the controller. The controller adjusts the output according to the detection signal to ensure the constant tension of the coil.